Two and a half years after their signing, rather than the historical breakthrough President Trump presented, the Abraham Accords appear a somewhat contradictory work in progress. If, on the one hand, they promoted greater integration among the signatories, they did not prove the expected rallying point nor really tackled the Middle east’s many political and security problems. In March 2022, the establishment of the Negev Forum raised new expectations, but its impact is still to assess. At the same time, the weakening of the US role hampers the possibility washington could provide the process with clear guidance and leave the regional actors large room for manoeuvre.

Gianluca Pastori is Associate Professor, History of political relations between North America and europe, Faculty of Political and Social Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy. In the same Faculty, he also teaches International History (Milano), and History of the international relations and institutions (Brescia). He is author or editor of several books and essays on the history of international relations, security issues and military history.