Manfred A. Lange
Current migration in the MENA region has assumed levels unprecedented in recent history. A triplet of drivers involving environmental change, migration and conflicts, are root
causes for individuals and communities to move and have been contextualized in the Environmental Change- Migration-Conflict Nexus (ECMC-N). while numerous links between these drivers are known, a comprehensive quantitative description of these links remains forthcoming. Such descriptions will be instrumental in specifying policy measures to reduce adverse consequences of the ECMC-N through joint initiatives by the MENA countries’ governments.
Manfred A. Lange, former Director of the Arctic Center in Rovaniemi, Finland (1992-1995) and Professor of Geophysics at the University of Münster in Germany (1995-2007), was the founding Director of the Energy, Environment and water Research Center at the Cyprus Institute in Nicosia, Cyprus (www.cyi.ac.cy; 2007-2015). His research includes the assessment of climate change impacts with a focus on water- and energy security, renewable energy sources and energy- and water use efficiency in the built environment.
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Katja Mielke
After decades of war, Afghans were ‘globalized’ long before 2021. Their dispersion worldwide is in stark contrast with their current de facto immobilization. National geopolitical interests in Pakistan and Iran, strategic non-regulation, and a renewed populist turn in European migration governance constitute Afghans as objects – deportable, deniable, illegalized and subjected to instrumentalization if needed. Subsequently, Afghans are caught in a Catch 22-situation with nowhere to (re)turn to.
Katja Mielke, Dr phil, works as Senior Researcher at the Bonn International Centre for Conflict Studies (bicc). Her academic interest focuses on informality in migration governance at different levels and inequality in power relations within the international cooperation regime. Region-wise she specializes on Central, west- and South Asia, with practical experience in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iraq, besides the post-Soviet Central Asian states.
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Amrita Jash
In the last two decades, owing to its geopolitical aspirations, economic interests, and energy diversification, China has gained a significant presence and influence in the Middle East. This has been further accentuated under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)- furthering Beijing’s commercial and strategic ties with the region. what is true, China’s foothold in the Middle East has not just increased in economic terms but can also be measured by the substantial increase in Chinese migration- with an estimated presence of over 1 million Chinese expatriates residing in the region.
Amrita Jash is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Geopolitics and International Relations, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Institution of Eminence), Manipal, India. She holds a Ph.D. in Chinese Studies from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. She has authored China’s Japan Policy: Learning from the Past (Palgrave Macmillan/Springer, 2023) and The Concept of Active Defence in China’s Military Strategy (Pentagon Press, 2021).
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Katherine Holden and Gawdat Bahgat
The MENA region faces persistent economic and political challenges, including high youth unemployment and gender inequality. Economic growth has fluctuated, with significant declines due to civil wars, regional conflicts, and natural disasters. Despite low greenhouse gas emissions, the region is highly vulnerable to climate change, impacting water and food security and driving migration. The Middle East’s strategic location attracts global power interests, complicating regional stability. Conflicting foreign interests have fueled ethnic and sectarian conflicts, hindering development. The decline of global multilateralism has weakened responses to crises in Libya and Sudan.
Katherine Holden is a graduate student at Oklahoma University. Her areas of expertise include energy security and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.
Gawdat Bahgat is a professor at National Defense University. His areas of expertise include American foreign policy and the Middle East.
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Amira Ahmed
How the Neighbouring Countries Respond to Refugee Crisis in the Global South? This paper sets out to show how the previously fluid borders of the countries of the
Global South became sharply divided and resistant to receiving migrants and refugees from neighbouring countries. It traces the development of a historically political discourse from “one people, one nation” to “dangerous refugees”. In doing so, it focuses on the case of the Sudanese migrants and refugees in Egypt, the largest Sudanese population living outside Sudan. Looking at the historical trajectories of migration between the two countries, the present domestic challenges, and the current global shifts in migration policies and discourse; the paper examines how “the Sudanese sisters and brothers of the Nile Valley” became alienated in Egypt, and how their presence evolved from being perceived as desirable and spontaneous to becoming risky and dangerous by threatening the demography, cultural hegemony and economic prosperity and development of the receiving neighbouring country.
Dr Amira Ahmed is both a scholar and practitioner in the fields of diaspora engagement, migration,
refugees, human trafficking, gender and climate change. She is an Assistant Professor currently
based at the American University in Cairo in Egypt.
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James M. Dorsey
Syrian exiles in Turkey, home to the world’s largest Syrian refugee community, are caught in a Catch-22. Many no longer see Turkey as a safe refuge as anti-migrant sentiment in the country mounts. Even worse, Turkish efforts to improve relations with President Bashar al-Assad, whose overthrow Turkey long favored, raise the specter of forced repatriation. Exiles fear that their return will expose them to the Syrian regime’s wrath or turn them into pawns in a demographic game of chess in Turkish and rebel-controlled parts of northern Syria. By relocating refugees of Arab descent to the north of Syria, Turkey hopes to dilute the Syrian Kurdish presence in the region. The exiles’ fate hangs in the balance, with Al-Assad adopting a hard line in negotiating the terms of a reconciliation. Al-Assad insists on an agreed withdrawal of Turkish troops from Syria
as part of a reconciliation. Turkey may no longer seek Al-Assad’s overthrow but says it will discuss a troop withdrawal only once Syria adopts a new constitution and holds inclusive elections in the knowledge that Al-Assadhas no intention of committing political hara-kiri. None of this precludes a mutually beneficial burying of the hatchet that would serve the interests of the Al-Assad regime and Turkey but may not bode well for Turkey’s Syrian exile community.
James M. Dorsey is a Senior Fellow focused on the Middle East and North Africa who publishes widely in peer-reviewed journals as well as non-academic publications. A veteran, award-winning foreign correspondent for four decades in the Middle East, Africa, Latin America, Europe and the United States for publications such as The wall Street Journal, The New York Times and the Financial Times, James has met a multitude of the region’s leaders.
James writes a widely acclaimed blog, The Turbulent world of Middle East Soccer, has published a book with the same title, and authors a syndicated column.
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Joe F. Khalil is Associate Professor of Global Media in residence at Northwestern University Qatar. His most recent co-authored book is The Digital Double Bind: Change and Stasis (Oxford University Press, 2024) with Mohamed Zayani. He is also co-editor with Gholam Khiabani, Tourya Guayybess and Bilge Yesil of The Handbook of Media and Culture in the Middle East (Blackwell-Wiley, forthcoming).
Mohamed Zayani is Professor of Critical Theory at the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service in Qatar. His works include The Digital Double Bind (Oxford University Press, 2024; with Joe F. Khalil); A Fledgling Democracy (Oxford University Press, 2022); Digital Middle East (Oxford University Press, 2018); Bullets and Bulletins (Oxford University Press, 2016; with S. Mirgani); Networked Publics and Digital Contention (Oxford University Press, 2015); The Culture of Al Jazeera (McFarland, 2007; with S. Sahraoui); and The Al Jazeera Phenomenon (Pluto Press, 2005).
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Nong Zhu is a professor at Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Canada. He holds a Ph. D. in Economics from International Development Research Center (CERDI), University of Auvergne, France. His research interests include migration, the labour market, poverty and inequality, firm performance and rural development.
Xubei Luo is a Senior Economist in the Strategy and Operations unit of the World Bank’s Development Finance Vice Presidency. She holds a Ph. D. in Economics from International Development Research Center (CERDI), University of Auvergne, France. Her research interests includes macroeconomic policy, poverty and inequality, private sector development, supply chains, the labour market, digital economy, results chains, and monitoring and evaluation.
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